COVID-19 pandemic and comfort food consumption based on gender in a Brazilian sample: which variables are related to this behavior?

PurposeThis study aims to identify comfort food (CF) consumption and its associated factors during the pandemic period. The study also involves an online survey conducted five months after the quarantine started in Brazil. Design/methodology/approachData on lifestyle, eating habits and anthropometric data were collected before and during the pandemic, and the differences in these habits were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to identify predictors of CF consumption by gender. FindingsA total of 1,363 individuals were included in the sample, with a median age of 31 years old, of whom 80.3% were women. Since individuals were free to respond about the food consumed without predetermined categories, it was possible to carry out a faithful assessment of the occurrence of this behavior. At the same time, allowing the subjectivity and symbolism inherent to the concept of CF to be embraced. CF consumption was present for 54%, with "sweets" being the most mentioned group by both genders. The factors associated with CF consumption in women during the pandemic were increased snacking, increased bread, candies and alcoholic beverage intake, increased time spent at work, worsened sleep quality, reduced meals, perceived stress (PS), emotional eating (EE), age and increased frequency of meat intake. In men, the predictors for CF consumption were remote full-time work/study, PS, EE and early waking time. For both genders, CF consumption during the pandemic period was associated with PS and EE. Originality/valueThis study provides an important overview of the possible contributions of the pandemic on behaviors and food choices related to the consumption of CF in Brazilians. This information is valuable to support further studies to investigate and treat the impacts of the pandemic on lifestyle, eating habits and behavior, mental health and other factors in the postpandemic period.

A Cross- Sectional Assessment of Impact of COVID-19 Vaccine on Menstrual Cycle of Pharmacy and Medical Students of Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To determine the relationship between the COVID-19 vaccine and the menstruation and to determine the factors associated with menstrual abnormalities after COVID-19 Vaccine. Method(s): Female students from the Unaizah College of Pharmacy and Medicine at Qassim University who were over the age of menarche, had received the vaccine, were not pregnant or nursing, were not using contraceptives, did not have a history of primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothalamic menopause, or had undergone a hysterectomy were invited to participate. A universal sampling method was used to collect the data using an online method. Consequently, a total of 299 enrolled students participated in the survey. Result(s): Out of 329 registered students, 299 agreed to participate, giving a response rate of 90.88%. The mean age of the participants was 22.1 +/- 1.70, majority were unmarried (n=255;85.3%) and were from PharmD (n=206;69.8%). A total of 70(26.1%) reported to have COVID-19 infection. About 258(86.2 %) reported menstrual symptoms post-vaccination, of which 108(41.8%) reported irregular, 94(36.4 %)length of menstruation changed, for 56(21.7%) mensuration completely stopped. Only 16(6.20%) required a hospital visit to resolve post COVID vaccination menstrual symptoms. Previous COVID 19 infection significantly influenced the incidence of mensural abnormalities (p=0.03). After the second dose of the vaccine, Pfizer-BioNTech (91.3%) followed by Johnson and Johnson (66.7%), there were significant variations in the menstrual abnormalities across different vaccination types (p = 0.014). Conclusion(s): The study showed a possible link between the COVID-19 vaccine and menstrual abnormalities which needs further investigation regarding its impact on their quality of life.Copyright © 2023

"Effect of COVID-19 Vaccination on Menstrual Cycle Patterns of Reproductive-Age Women: A Multi-centric Observational Study."

AIM: The study was conducted to know the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on menstrual cycle patterns and pre- and post-menstrual symptoms in women aged 18-45 years. BACKGROUND: COVID-19 vaccination was introduced to combat the dreadful impacts of human coronavirus infection. The two indigenously developed COVID-19 vaccines approved for use in India are COVISHILED and COVAXIN. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual cycle, pre- and post-menstrual symptoms and to establish the correlation with the type of vaccine received. METHODS: Multi-centric observational study conducted in six institutes of national importance in different states of India over one year. A total of 5709 female participants fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled. Data about the impact of vaccines (COVISHIELD and COVAXIN) and prior COVID-19 infection on the menstrual cycle and its associated symptoms were obtained using all participants' online and offline interviews. RESULTS: Of 5709 participants, 78.2% received COVISHIELD and 21.8% COVAXIN. Of the total 5709 participants, 333(5.8%) developed post-vaccination menstrual disturbances, with 32.7% having frequent cycles, 63.7% prolonged cycles, and 3.6% inter-menstrual bleeding. A total of 301 participants noticed changes in the amount of bleeding, with 50.2% excessive, 48.8% scanty, and 0.99% amenorrhea followed by heavy bleeding. Furthermore, the irregularities of the menstrual cycle (p=0.011) and length (0.001) were significantly higher in the COVAXIN group (7.2%) as compared to the COVISHIELD (5.3%) group. A total of 721 participants complained of newly developed/worsening pre- and post-menstrual symptoms. These symptoms were significantly higher in the COVISHIELD group (p=0.031), with generalized weakness and body pains as the main complaints (p=0.001). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of COVID-19 infection with these vaccines. No significant associations were observed when comparing menstrual abnormalities among those with COVID-19 infection (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: COVISHILED and COVAXIN vaccines were associated with menstrual cycle disturbances and pre-and post-menstrual symptoms in a small proportion of participants, with 94.7% having no change in the amount of bleeding during menstruation post-vaccination. The menstrual irregularities observed were significantly higher with the COVAXIN vaccine. Others: Further, long-term studies are required to confirm that the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual cycle may be short-lasting, with no severe effects on women's menstrual health.

Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on menstrual cycle in women of reproductive age.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination on the menstrual cycle in response to concerns that the vaccines cause menstrual cycle disturbances and affect potential pregnancy. METHOD: An online survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 20 to 27, 2021. Study participants were women of reproductive age (15-49 years) and the study tool used was a semi-structured pretested questionnaire. A total of 300 participants were recruited for the study. RESULTS: The mean age (± standard deviation) of the participants was 26.2 ± 4.8 years. 232 participants (77.3%) were unmarried. Only 30 participants (10%) reported a change in the regularity of menstruation and 33 (11%) participants reported a change in cycle duration after vaccination. CONCLUSION: In the present study, a change in the regularity of menstrual cycles was reported in 30 (10%) of the participants and a  change in the duration of the cycle was reported in 11% of the participants (33). There was a significant association between the type of vaccine used and the changes in the menstrual cycle after vaccination. However, its long-term health implications are yet to be determined.

COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual cycle characteristics: A prospective cohort study.

We prospectively examined the association between COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual cycle characteristics in an internet-based prospective cohort study. We included a sample of 1,137 participants who enrolled in Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO), a preconception cohort study of couples trying to conceive, during January 2021-August 2022. Eligible participants were aged 21-45 years, United States or Canadian residents, and trying to conceive without fertility treatment. At baseline and every 8 weeks for up to 12 months, participants completed questionnaires on which they provided information on COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual cycle characteristics, including cycle regularity, cycle length, bleed length, heaviness of bleed, and menstrual pain. We fit generalized estimating equation (GEE) models with a log link function and Poisson distribution to estimate the adjusted risk ratio (RR) for irregular cycles associated with COVID-19 vaccination. We used linear regression with GEE to estimate adjusted mean differences in menstrual cycle length associated with COVID-19 vaccination. We adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, medical and reproductive factors. Participants had 1.1 day longer menstrual cycles after receiving the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine (95 % CI: 0.4, 1.9) and 1.3 day longer cycles after receiving the second dose (95 % CI: 0.2, 2.5). Associations were attenuated at the second cycle post-vaccination. We did not observe strong associations between COVID-19 vaccination and cycle regularity, bleed length, heaviness of bleed, or menstrual pain. In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a ∼1 day temporary increase in menstrual cycle length, but was not appreciably associated with other menstrual cycle characteristics.

Impact of Different Exercise Techniques on Menstrual Pain Severity in Postacute Covid-19 Women

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of different exercise techniques on menstrual pain severity in post-acute covid-19 women. Method(s): Thirty post-acute COVID-19 women suffering from primary menstrual pain. Their body mass index ranged from 25 to 35 kg/m2, and their age was between 18 and 25 years old. They were split up into two groups randomly. The control group (n=15) were instructed to avoid regular physical exercise during the study period, and the exercise group (n=15) were requested to perform set of home-based exercise protocol, from the fourth day of the menstrual cycle till the onset of the second menstrual cycle. Both groups were examined for pain intensity Pre-treatment and post-treatment using visual analogue scale (VAS). Result(s): Menstrual pain intensity was significantly reduced in the exercise group (p=0.000) but not statistically different in the control group (p=0.089). Conclusion(s): Different exercise techniques has a positive impact on menstrual pain severity in post-acute covid-19 women. Therefore, it can be recommended for menstrual pain relief in post-acute covid-19 women to promote their daily activities, independent living and quality of life.Copyright © 2021 Muslim OT et al.

Effect of COVID-19 vaccinations on menstrual cycle and postmenopausal bleeding among health care workers: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and its association with sociodemographic factors on the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women and on postmenopausal bleeding. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between September 22, 2022, and November 30, 2022, via a questionnaire distributed to 359 health care workers (HCWs) at Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital and St John's Hospital. Inclusion criteria included female Lebanese HCWs who were vaccinated and aged 18 to 65 years. RESULTS: Change in cycle length was significantly associated with age (P = 0.025 after the first dose and P = 0.017 after the second dose), level of education (P = 0.013 after the first dose and P = 0.012 after the second dose), and fibroids (P = 0.006 after the second dose and P = 0.003 after the third dose). The change in cycle flow was significantly associated with age (P = 0.028), fibroids (P = 0.002 after the second dose and P = 0.002 after the third dose), bleeding disorders (P = 0.000), and chronic medications (P = 0.007). The change in symptoms was associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (P = 0.021), chronic medications (P = 0.019 after the second dose and P = 0.045 after the third dose), and fibroids (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: COVID-19 vaccination can influence the menstrual cycle. Age, body mass index, level of education, underlying comorbidities, and use of chronic medications are significantly associated with changes in menstrual length, flow, and symptoms following vaccination.

Determining the Effect of COVID-19 on the Menstrual Cycle Among Women of Reproductive Age Group in the Jazan Region: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has gravely affected the world in various ways. COVID-19 is a major health crisis, with long-term physical and mental health consequences. Many women reported menstrual irregularities during and after the pandemic. The study aimed to assess the effects of COVID-19 on menstrual cycles in females of reproductive age in the Jazan region. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized to conduct the study in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 346 women aged 18-44 years who had normal menstrual cycles for more than a year before the outbreak and had a history of COVID-19 infection. RESULT: The questionnaire was completed by 346 women. Only 144 (41.6%) of the study's respondents were aged 25-34 years. Of the respondents, 283 (81.8%) were university students, and 219 (63.3%) were married. The majority of women (337, 97.4%) were vaccinated against COVID-19. A total of 301 (87.0%) were healthy. Before being infected with COVID-19, 19.70% of the responders had irregular periods, which increased to 59.50% during infection and 33.20% after getting better. There was a relationship between the regularity of menstrual periods during COVID-19 infection and the duration of menstrual periods after COVID-19 (p = 0.035); the frequency of menstrual periods before (p = 0.001), during (p = 0.009), and after (p = 0.001) COVID-19; menstrual period regularity before (p = 0.001) and after (p = 0.001) COVID-19 infection; and pain severity level during (p = 0.001) and after (p = 0.004) COVID-19 infection. Regarding the perception of the impact of COVID-19 on menstrual changes, there was an association between COVID-19 infection and variation in days during two consecutive menstrual cycles (p = 0.001), changes in the duration of menstrual cycles (p = 0.022), delayed or absent menstruation (p = 0.019), and menstruation stopping (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: The research demonstrated the COVID-19 pandemic is an international health problem that affects women, leading to changes in regularity, duration, frequency, and severity of pain. These changes may have a long-term impact on women's reproductive health.

Menstrual cycle disturbances after COVID-19 vaccination.

INTRODUCTION: After COVID-19 vaccination, women of reproductive age reported changes in their menstrual cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out after a survey on social networks that included women aged 18-41 years with normal cycles according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics and who were vaccinated (complete schedule for two doses, except J&J/Janssen or incomplete with a single dose). Women with following conditions were excluded: pregnant or lactating women; history of diseases that cause menstrual irregularities or early menopause: anorexia, bulimia, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, obesity, or low weight; hysterectomized or oophorectomized patients; and high performance athletes. RESULTS: Overall, 950 women completed the survey between July and September 2021. In total, 408 women met the inclusion criteria, and 184 reported the following characteristics: frequency (normal 43.47%, infrequent 25%, and frequent 31.53%), regularity (regular 51.08%, irregular 42.93%, and absent/amenorrhea 5.97%), duration (normal 65.21%, prolonged 26.08%, absent/amenorrhea 8.69%), and volume (heavy 41.84%, light 20.65%, and absent/amenorrhea 6.52%). CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination can influence the menstrual cycle and cause alterations.

Menstrual changes and dysmenorrhea after to the COVID-19 Vaccines. CAMVA-COVID-19 Study

Objective: To evaluate ifthe COVID-19vaccine produces changes in the menstrual pattern, type ofchange anddysmenorrhea. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study. 6616 digital surveys were carried out on women who received a vaccine against COVID-19. Asurvey was applied via networks and in gynecological consultations. Percentages and 95 %confidence intervals were calculated from 2x2 tables, menstrual changes were analyzed in the sample and in subgroups according to type of vaccine, number of doses, age, and residence. Results: 86.5 % (3535/4087) reported menstrual changes, the most frequent being: menstrual delay (40.4 %) and heavier menstrual bleeding (37.7 %). Dysmenorrhea presented in 39 % accompanying menstrual changes, but 2.1 % as the only symptom. A statistically significant difference was observed: 1) more menstrual changes with mechanism of action chimpanzee viral vector when compared to inactivated virus, 2) human viral vector and inactivated virus more menstrual changes 18-34 years compared to 35-50 years and less changes when compared to chimpanzee viral vector in 35-50 years 3) mRNA was the least associated with menstrual absence when compared to human viral vector 53 % and chimpanzee 50 % more frequent. Conclusion: Menstrual changes are very common after vaccination against COVID-19, this being related to the type of vaccine administered. Some mechanisms of action seem to be related to a greater or lesser risk of specific menstrual changes. © 2023 Sociedad de Obstetricia y Ginecologia de Venezuela. All rights reserved.

Protein S Deficiency with Favourable Foetomaternal Outcome: A Case Report

Protein S is a multifunctional plasma protein, whose deficiency, results in a rare congenital thrombophilia, inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. It can aggravate the hypercoagulable state of pregnancy, when it presents in parallel with the condition, leading to adverse maternal outcomes and foetal loss. A 35-year-old female third gravida having previous 2 deliveries by Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) presented to emergency at 10 weeks pregnancy with chief complaints of pain and swelling in left thigh since 4-5 days. After thorough investigations and work-up, the patient was diagnosed with Protein S deficiency. She was managed conservatively and was delivered by elective LSCS with bilateral tubal ligation at 38 weeks of gestation with good foetal and maternal outcomes.The rarity of Protein S deficiency along with the successful outcome of the pregnancy makes this a unique case.Copyright © 2023 Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved.

The Role of Estradiol in Modifying Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Regularity and Risk for Depression During the Pubertal Transition

Background: The pubertal transition (PT) is characterized by dramatic reproductive hormone fluctuations, a developmental circadian delay, and significant changes in sleep and wake patterns. The PT also marks an abrupt divergence between the sexes in risk for depression and sleep disorders that remains elevated for females across the reproductive lifespan, implicating ovarian hormones (i.e., estradiol (E2)) as a common pathway of risk. Notably, inconsistent schedules during the COVID-19 pandemic have contributed to greater sleep irregularity (especially for adolescents), which is associated with affective impairment and inferior clinical outcomes. The objective of this research is to characterize the pathophysiological impact of E2 on sleep disturbances, endocrine rhythm dysregulation and depressive symptoms in peripubertal females. Method(s): 44 peripubertal females (ages 11-14, within 1-year post-menarche) provided daily hormone (E1G-urinary metabolite of E2) and mood assessments for one menstrual cycle and completed an 8-day sleep assessment (actigraphy, daily sleep diaries), with cortisol and melatonin circadian measurement (over four days) starting at day 7 of the following menstrual cycle. Minute-to-minute consistency in sleep/wake state over 24-hrs was calculated to index sleep regularity (SRI). Result(s): A multiple regression model predicted depressive symptoms (CES-DC) from follicular menstrual cycle phase E1G-AUC, sleep regularity index (SRI), cortisol and melatonin AUCs (F(4,18) = 3.833, p=.020, R2=.46). E1G, cortisol-AUC (p<.05) and SRI (marginally, p=.08) contributed to the prediction. Conclusion(s): Results suggest that greater sleep irregularity, greater follicular estradiol and blunted cortisol may contribute to increased depressive symptoms in peripubertal females, providing mechanistic insight into the estradiol-related sleep and affect disruptions experienced during the pubertal transition. Funding Source: K01MH121575;Foundation of Hope for Research and Treatment of Mental Illness (NC) Keywords: Puberty, Sleep Disturbances, Estradiol, Circadian Rhythms, Depressive SymptomsCopyright © 2023

Relationship between covid-pandemic anxiety and sleep disorder with menstrual disorders among female medical workers.

BACKGROUND: It has been more than 2 years since the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic destabilized the world, adversely affecting not only physical health, but also mental health. During this time, frontline medical workers were at a greater health risk, especially female medical workers. Changes or abnormalities in the menstrual cycle-an important indicator of women's health-may jeopardize female reproductive functioning. Considering that emotional health and sleep status may be related to the menstrual cycle, this study aimed to investigate the association between menstrual cycle changes, anxiety, sleep dysfunction, and other factors among female medical workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted by distributing online questionnaires to female medical workers in China from February to May 2022. The study included 160 women aged 18-45 years old. The questionnaires covered data related to the participants' sociodemographic characteristics, medical and reproductive history, and lifestyle. The Rating Scale for Clinical Manifestations of Menopathy (SCMM), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Sleep Dysfunction Rating Scale (SDRS) were utilized. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, t-tests, and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 160 female medical staff were randomly selected in this research, of whom seven scored less than 3 points, 85 scored 3-11 points, and 68 scored more than 11 points on the total score of the SCMM. Compared to pre-pandemic scores, scores of dizziness and tinnitus were significantly higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scores corresponding to the following clinical symptoms were also higher during the pandemic: Menopathy, including hypaphrodisia, dim complexion, abnormal urination, languidness, dim menstruation, thin menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and empty or saggy lower abdomen (p < 0.05). However, pre-pandemic scores of vaginal bleeding quantity were significantly higher than those found during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.05). Scores of vaginal bleeding quantity were significantly lower in cabin hospitals than other types of hospitals, and a similar finding was observed for vaginal bleeding duration (all p < 0.05). Moreover, the findings of the univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis revealed a link between consistent exercise, the underlying illness, the SDRS score, the SAS score, and the total score of SCMM (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that menstruation in female medical workers was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, regular exercise and good physical condition were protective factors, while anxiety and insomnia were risk factors for menstrual abnormalities.

Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination on menstrual bleeding quantity: An observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination impacts menstrual bleeding quantity. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Five global regions. POPULATION: Vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals with regular menstrual cycles using the digital fertility-awareness application Natural Cycles°. METHODS: We used prospectively collected menstrual cycle data, multivariable longitudinal Poisson generalised estimating equation (GEE) models and multivariable multinomial logistic regression models to calculate the adjusted difference between vaccination groups. All regression models were adjusted for confounding factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean number of heavy bleeding days (fewer, no change or more) and changes in bleeding quantity (less, no change or more) at three time points (first dose, second dose and post-exposure menses). RESULTS: We included 9555 individuals (7401 vaccinated and 2154 unvaccinated). About two-thirds of individuals reported no change in the number of heavy bleeding days, regardless of vaccination status. After adjusting for confounding factors, there were no significant differences in the number of heavy bleeding days by vaccination status. A larger proportion of vaccinated individuals experienced an increase in total bleeding quantity (34.5% unvaccinated, 38.4% vaccinated; adjusted difference 4.0%, 99.2% CI 0.7%-7.2%). This translates to an estimated 40 additional people per 1000 individuals with normal menstrual cycles who experience a greater total bleeding quantity following the first vaccine dose' suffice. Differences resolved in the cycle post-exposure. CONCLUSIONS: A small increase in the probability of greater total bleeding quantity occurred following the first COVID-19 vaccine dose, which resolved in the cycle after the post-vaccination cycle. The total number of heavy bleeding days did not differ by vaccination status. Our findings can reassure the public that any changes are small and transient.

The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccine on Women's Menstrual Cycle

Background: COVID-19 has had a huge impact on women's health. Physical, mental, and psychological effects are a small part of the effects of COVID-19 on women. Menstrual disorders are also a significant complication of COVID-19 in women and girls. This study was performed as a review to investigate the effects of Covid-19 on the menstrual cycle in women. Method(s): In this study, by using the Keywords COVID-19, women, AND menstruation, databases such as Google Scholar, SID, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched and several studies were reviewed. Result(s): Heavy, light menstruation, irregular periods, and missed periods are some of the COVID-19 effects on women. However, the side effects are short-term and go away about one to two months after getting infected. The effects of the COVID-19 vaccine are almost the same as those gotten infected by COVID-19. Astra-Zeneca and Pfizer vaccines had the most symptoms and caused menstrual disorders compared to other types of vaccines. Conclusion(s): Women and girls make up a large portion of society. Hence, it is recommended that health planners and policymakers make efforts to improve their physical and mental health by focusing on women's health and solving their problems. Menstrual disorders were short-term, but in women who had many problems for more than two months, it is recommended to see a specialist and a doctor.

COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Cycle Changes: A Review Study

Background: There has been increasing public concern that COVID-19 vaccines cause menstrual cycle disturbances. There are concerns that vaccination against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be associated with abnormal menstrual cycles. Unfortunately, clinical trials of the current COVID-19 vaccines did not collect menstrual cycle outcomes post-vaccine. According to social media reports, menstrual disturbances are much more common, but these disturbances are temporary. Menstrual cyclicity is an overt sign of health and fertility. This normal variability may be perceived as concerning, especially in conjunction with a new exposure such as COVID-19 vaccination. This study evaluates the menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination in three studies. Method(s): We analyzed three retrospective cohort studies of menstrual cycle data that were collected prospectively from October 2020 to March 2021 in the UK and US and Oslo. Result(s): The first study in the UK found that among premenopausal vaccinated individuals who menstruated in the 12 months preceding the survey, 20% reported any changes to their menstrual cycles up to 4 months after receiving their first injection. In the second study that was done in the US (2019), individuals had been evaluated to determine whether COVID- 19 vaccination was associated with menstrual cycle disturbances during cycles when vaccination occurs. They found that individuals with normal menstrual cycles experienced small variations in cycle length. The third study that was done in Oslo (2021) showed the prevalence of unusually heavy and prolonged bleeding, short intermenstrual intervals, and increased pain during periods was higher after the first vaccine dose compared to the prior vaccination. Conclusion(s): There is currently limited data to evaluate the impact of vaccination on menstrual health, and it limits our ability to sufficiently address these concerns.

The Effect of COVID-19 on the Human Reproductive System: A Review Study

Background: Evidence reveals that COVID-19, in addition to impacting the respiratory system, affects other organs, including the male and female reproductive systems. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of COVID-19 on the human reproductive system. Method(s): Data were collected in SID, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The Keywords including COVID- 19, reproductive system, fertility, and factors related to mesh term utilization and Boolean strategy were used. Papers from 2019 to 2022 were extracted. Finally, out of 58 searched articles, 20 articles related to the purpose of the study were reviewed. Result(s): The results were organized into two categories. The first category deals with the effect of COVID-19 on the female reproductive system including Sleep disorders following quarantine on gonadotropin release and its effect on the ovaries and menstrual cycle, preterm delivery, increased cesarean delivery, the possibility of intrauterine infection of the fetus and dysfunction of the reproductive glands. The second category concerns the effect of COVID-19 on the male reproductive system including abnormal semen quality, possible effect on gonocyte differentiation in the early stages of spermatogenesis, negative effect on spermatogenesis, testicular dysfunction, and changes in testosterone concentration by increasing serum LH, testicular inflammation, decreased sperm concentration in semen, impaired sperm motility, dysfunction of the reproductive glands, significant damage to the seminiferous tube, swelling of Sertoli cells, decreased Leydig cells, significant disorder on semen volume and impaired sperm morphology. Conclusion(s): The findings revealed that COVID-19 has an impact on various aspects of the human reproductive system. Midwives and gynecologists should alleviate couples' fears about infertility by recognizing these cases and offering suitable counseling to couples infected with COVID-19.

Association between Covid-19 Vaccine and Menstrual Abnormalities among Post-Vaccinated Women in Saudi Arabia

Background: Many women worldwide have reported abnormalities in their menstrual periods after receiving COVID-19 vaccinations. This research aims to determine the prevalence and the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine and menstrual abnormalities among Saudi and residents women aged 18 years and older in Saudi Arabia. Method(s): This is a Cross sectional questionnaire based study collected through an online questionnaire from Saudi and Resident women post Covid19 vaccination .The sample include women age from 18 years or older, while excluding unvaccinated women, or women living outside Saudi Arabia . Result(s): A total of 419 female participants were involved in this research with a mean (SD) of age 25(7.4). Among the total study participants, the prevalence of menstrual abnormalities was 20%. The number of doses received as well as the vaccine type were not significantly associated with having menstrual abnormalities. A strong significant association was found between menstrual abnormalities and having the period in the same vaccination day (P<0.01) in which 33% resembling a total of 26 participants out of 79 females who received vaccine at the same day of vaccination experienced menstrual abnormalities. Conclusion(s): Although there was no significant association between receiving covid19 vaccine from any type and the number of doses with menstrual abnormalities but there is a strong significant association found between menstrual abnormalities and having the period in the same vaccination day.Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.

The effect of COVID-19 vaccinations on menstrual cycle and serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels in reproductive age women.

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations on menstrual cycle and ovarian reserve in reproductive aged-women. Health care providers (n = 258) vaccinated with inactivated (CoronaVac) and mRNA based (Pfizer-BioNTech®) COVID-19 vaccines were included. All subjects completed a gynaecological and menstrual history questionnaire and Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels were measured in serum samples collected before first vaccination and at 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th months. The prevalence of new-onset menstrual dysregulation following vaccination was 20.6% and it was statistically significant compared to baseline (p = 0.001). Menstrual pattern turned back to normal in 59.6% of vaccinated women. Serum AMH levels gradually decreased until 6th month of follow-up compared to baseline (p < 0.001). A significant increase in serum AMH level was observed at 9th month of follow-up compared to 6th month follow-up levels (p < 0.001). The decrease in serum AMH level was statistically significant regardless of serum anti SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, subgroups of age, occupation, menstrual dysregulation following vaccination and presence of gynaecological diseases. In conclusion, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 causes a transient decrease on serum AMH levels and moderate irregularities in menstrual pattern increasing with age and is mostly reversible.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and female reproductive health: A narrative review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact, affecting people's physical and mental health, and their social and economic circumstances. Mitigation measures have disproportionately affected women. Studies have reported menstrual cycle and psychological disturbance associated with the pandemic. Pregnancy is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease. Reports have also demonstrated associations between COVID-19 infection, vaccination and Long COVID syndrome and reproductive health disturbance. However, studies are limited and there may be significant geographical variation. Also there is bias amongst published studies, and menstrual cycle data was not included in COVID-19 and vaccine trials. Longitudinal population based studies are required. In this review we discuss existing data, along with recommendations for further research required in this area. We also discuss a pragmatic approach to women presenting with reproductive health disturbance in the era of the pandemic, encompassing a multi-system assessment of psychological, reproductive health and lifestyle.